In Monty Python’s Life of Brian, the eponymous hero exhorts the adoring Judean mob to think for themselves because “you are all individuals”. “We are all individuals” shout the mob in unison! Like the mob, we can easily ignore the fact that we all have different needs, aptitudes, inclinations and personalities as we follow the herd or try to mould others according to our preconceptions. I feel that it is imperative that we get to know ourselves as we make our way in the world so that we can grow to live in alignment with our unique disposition. There are a number of personality tests out there that can help us in this regard. I am a big fan of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) which is probably the best known of these instruments but, in my opinion, it is not simple to grasp without a fair bit of homework. A similarly powerful yet more intuitive and relatively straightforward schema is Tony Robbins’ six human needs framework. I have used this framework to understand my own aptitudes and those of the people I work with as part of a strengths-based approach to personal and organisational development.
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Tony Robbins has built on the work of John Burton and Abraham Maslow to develop human needs psychology. In essence, Robbins believes that everybody’s actions are driven by the need to fulfil one or more of six basic human needs. By definition, these are needs that we all share, but everybody is unique so we do not value all needs equally. Different people will emphasise different needs and this emphasis often shifts as we go through life.
The six fundamental human needs are as follows:

1. Certainty – that things will unfold as imagined.
2. Uncertainty – that life will serve up its share of variety.
3. Significance – the sense of being special or unique.
4. Love and connection – the feeling of togetherness or intimacy.
5. Growth – the feeling that we are making progress.
6. Contribution – that we are part of something bigger than ourselves. 

​I describe each of the needs in more detail below, including ways in which they can be met in healthy, neutral or unhealthy ways and some positive and negative personality traits that accompany each need.  I also provide details of a simple self-test that can be used to your pinpoint your human needs centre of gravity.

​Despite the exhortations of Bertrand Russell and Benjamin Franklin, everybody needs a level of certainty in their daily lives. If my next meal was not guaranteed I would probably not be writing this blog; if the ground beneath you started to shudder you would immediately stop reading this blog; and if heard that your significant other had been rushed to intensive care you would mostly likely drop everything and do whatever you could to try to help. All these situations threaten our sense of certainty, those things we take for granted that form the bedrock of our lives.

We all have the need for certainty but this need can be met in many different ways. Some feel they need a home to be certain, others need a million pounds to be certain, others may get their need for certainty by knowing that they always manage no matter what. We can meet our needs in positive, neutral or negative ways. For example, we can meet our need for certainty by feeling angry about world events which validates our belief system that the world sucks. Cigarettes, alcohol and drugs can be our faithful friends upon which we rely in times of struggle. Habitual actions like this meet our needs in the short term but have long term negative side-effects. We can meet our need for certainty by having faith in a something bigger than ourselves – God, the Universe, Nature, Justice, etc., or by exercising regularly or by a belief in our resourcefulness, all of which can be very positive ways of getting certain, assuming that our sense of certainty is not tainted by bigotry.
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People whose primary need is certainty are often highly organised, dependable and very knowledgeable in their chosen field. On the other hand, they can become stuck in their old routines, can be closed to new experiences, and may come across as unenthusiastic and boring.

​“Variety”, as the cliché goes, “is the spice of life” so a life of complete certainty hardly fires up the proverbial taste buds. Imagine you are a sports fan and you knew that your team was going to win every match and lift every single trophy they contested for the rest of your life. Initially, this would feel exhilarating but pretty soon you would begin to “tire of winning” to paraphrase a certain President Trump. So, we need a combination of certainty and uncertainty in our lives. Our need for both certainty and uncertainty explains why the standard Hollywood movie format is so popular and enduring. We are pretty certain that there will be a happy ending but we are uncertain about how the plot will unfold. We can get variety in positive ways such as by meeting new people, by taking on new challenges or by visiting new places. We can also meet this need in negative ways such as by taking new drugs, having multiple sexual encounters or by committing acts of violence.
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People whose primary need is uncertainty are often highly enthusiastic, spontaneous and love meeting new people and taking on new challenges. They can also be social butterflies flitting from person to person and relationship to relationship, become easily disillusioned, lose focus and quit before the job is done.

​The third human need is significance – that need to be, in José’s words, “a special one”. All of us want to be recognised for being special even if some of us protest this fact. One way to feel significant is by building something such as a business, a skill, a career, a philanthropic practice or a family. Another is by knocking down those who are trying to build something, either metaphorically through cynicism and negativity, or physically by attempting to damage or destroy people, property and nature. As Tony Robbins puts it “there are two ways to have the tallest building in town. One is work your ass off, take risks, build the tallest building. The other is, blow up everybody else’s building.” One path is easier, faster, cheaper and takes less intelligence. One is the path of the hero, the other is that of the victim. A third, and very common, way to feel significant is to have a significant problem. Problem sharing also builds connection. Some people are much more comfortable being around people who are feeling bad about themselves than being around people who are happy with their lives.

The need for significance has always been one of the main driving forces behind violence, mainly perpetrated by men. If a mugger puts a gun to your head they are certain that you will respond but uncertain of how and, in a heartbeat, they have become the most significant person in your life.

Although we all need significance, the need is usually greater in men than women. Men will die for significance which explains why almost all suicide bombers are men and why much greater numbers of men than women commit suicide when going through a financial crisis.

If we meet three of our needs in a single behaviour we may become addicted to that behaviour. Which explains why violence can become an addiction.
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People whose primary need is significance are often happy to take on leadership positions, will work hard to excel in their chosen field and can be fearless in the face of challenges. They can also be selfish and insensitive to the perspectives of others, and may neglect their nearest and dearest.

The fourth need is for love and connection. When we are afraid of love for fear of the pain of rejection, we settle for connection. Unless you are a highly developed soul, our hypothetical mugger is unlikely to be a recipient of our love as he puts a gun to our head, but he will be connected to us in the moment. So, violence can also meet the need for connection.

In a more everyday sense, when we are excited or agitated about something – we got that promotion, heard a juicy morsel of gossip, or experienced a life-changing event, what do we immediately want to do? Share the news with somebody. This is because we are social animals, even the most introverted among us.

Love and connection is often a dominant need in women. Men feel this too, but the bonds are innately stronger in the average women than the average man.
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People whose primary need is love and connection are often great team players, sensitive to the needs of others and supportive partners and parents. They can also be jealous, clingy and prone to neglecting their own legitimate needs.

The Greeks taught us that we are teleological beings, that is, we need targets – something ahead of us that we can aim for. We either grow or we shrink; staying still is not an option. Imagine you are perfectly content with your life as it is and you don’t want anything to change. Why is this an impossible dream? Because people become dissatisfied with stasis which is why retirement is a crisis for so many people. Unless they can invest themselves in a project, the newly retired person no longer has a goal that they are moving towards. This same phenomenon is exemplified in the numerous cases of Olympic gold medallists and other high level sports people who reach their goal only to fall into depression. It is pretty much universal that people are happy when they are making progress because it is the progress or growth that matters not the goal itself.

People whose primary need is growth are often great students and teachers, creative and innovative, and tenacious in pursuit of their goals. They also can become detached from others, intolerant of those perceived to be less accomplished, and prone to perfectionism.
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As a side note, perfectionism is widely thought to be a positive quality which it can be if it is defined as a commitment to high standards. However, if perfectionism means that everything we do always has to be all things to all people it becomes the lowest possible standard as we end up imposing unrealistic expectations on ourselves and everybody else. By this definition, perfectionism is a straightjacket and a sure fire way to succumb to a paralysing fear of failure which relegates us from a participant to a spectator in our game of life.

We all have a need to contribute, to step out of our own personal drama. Even young children feel a great sense of satisfaction when they contribute. There are countless examples of people being able to do much more in the service of others than one can do when serving only oneself – the meals we cook for ourselves are usually pretty uninspiring compared to those we serve up for others. An example from my life is doing everything I could to secure my children’s future when my wife was diagnosed with motor neurone disease – part love and connection, part contribution. On a grander scale, Nelson Mandela’s fortitude during his 27 years in captivity was bolstered by his vision of how he could contribute to a free South Africa. The secret to living is giving. How can you make this world a better place using your gifts and talents?

A focus on contribution is a great inoculation against the “Affluenza” virus , the obsession for wealth, fame, beauty, power and possessions that redirects our energies and passions away from meaningful pursuits.
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People whose primary need is contribution are often selfless leaders, inspirational speakers and are able to work tirelessly in pursuit of something they believe in. They can also be intolerant of other people’s perspectives, neglect their own physical and mental health and the needs of their family, and are prone to burnout.

Understanding our human needs helps us to know which needs we habitually meet, which needs are not being met, which needs we want more of, and conflicts and trade-offs between meeting some needs at the expense of others. This understanding also helps us in our relationships of all kinds as we become less judgemental by acquiring a fuller understanding of the factors that motivate other people’s aptitudes, attitudes and actions.

You can assess your human needs with this online test devised by Chloe Madanes who has worked extensively with Tony Robbins to advance the thinking in the field. The results include detailed information on how your primary need and top two needs can serve you or hold you back. You can take the same test in the old fashioned paper format by clicking on this link.
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For those of you who want to know, I scored highest in contribution closely followed by growth with significance and uncertainty tied for third place. love and connection a little behind, and certainty bringing up the rear. Like all self-assessments, the tacit assumption is that we know ourselves which is, of course, never 100% true but the simple test can give us a fair the forces that drive us.

​Procrastination is a very real problem. In the Words of Piers Steel from his book the Procrastination Equation: procrastination is about "every promise you made to yourself but broke. It is about every goal you set but let slide, never finding the motivation. It is about diets postponed, late-night scrambles to finish projects, and disappointed looks from the people who depend on you—or from the one you see in the mirror. It is about being the slacker in your family and the straggler in your circle of friends. It is about that menacing cloud of uncompleted chores, from the late bill payments to the clutter that fills your home. It is about that doctor’s appointment you have been putting off and the finances still in disarray. It is about dawdling, delay, opportunity lost, and more." Anything that might help us overcome procrastination has got to be worth a try. 

​My daily duel with the pleasure monkey
​​Everybody feels the pain of procrastination – when you have an important, but not always urgent, task to do but instead that you decide to just take a ‘just one minute’ to check the football results, look at Facebook, make a cup of coffee, anything to avoid tackling the job in hand. And one hour later you’ve followed the click bait trail until you are checking out 50 Hollywood actresses that are hot after 50! Then as the day progresses you decide that you’re a little tired so will invest your remaining working hours in clearing your desk and dealing with a few emails in preparation for tomorrow; the day when everything happens. Not such a problem if you act out this scenario from time to time but for the chronic procrastinator this is a daily occurrence which can, with no exaggeration, lead to a wasted life of tomorrows that never come.  

In his incisive and amusing TED Talk, Inside the Mind of a Master Procrastinator, Tim Urban, calls these ‘easy and fun’ diversionary tactics the Dark Playground. They are those things that are supposed to make us feel good but they don’t; because we know that we should be doing something else, plus we haven’t earned these “rewards” for doing what needs to be done so we feel a double pain. This is what Brian Johnson has termed ‘procrastipain’. Tim Urban jokes that we have two entities struggling for control of our brain – the ‘rational decision-maker’ who works for our long-term good and the ‘pleasure monkey’ who lives only for the moment. Oftentimes, extrinsic motivations, such as an impending deadline or a looming boss, help the rational decision-maker wrestle control of our brain from the pleasure monkey via Urban’s ‘panic monster’, and we move from the Dark Playground to productive work. Everybody has deadlines but not everybody has a boss. So which groups are most vulnerable to the pain of procrastination? In my humble opinion, higher education students and the self-employed?

Ways of winning the daily duel
As somebody who has spent many years in both categories, I think I know a bit about procrastination and over time I have discovered a number of ways to win my daily duels with that pesky pleasure monkey: Goal-setting including daily and weekly mini goals; David Allen’s two-minute rule – if it takes less than two minutes just do it; the Pomodoro Technique – set your timer for 20-25 minutes, get started and allow motivation to flow from action; becoming more attached to the process (the now) rather than to outcomes (the future and never entirely controllable results of the process), accepting the fact that I cannot multitask, etc. Most of the tools in my toolbox have been gleaned from others and if you suffer from procrastination like I do I would recommend you consult the references listed at the foot of this blog. But my go-to procrastination-busting tool is the WOOP-Tap, something that you won’t find in any text that I know of. I put it together a couple of years ago as a way of combining EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) or Tapping with the WOOP technique detailed by Gabriele Oettingen in her paradigm-shifting book Rethinking Positive Thinking. This new mind tool thus takes its place in the proud tradition of amalgamating two powerful entities to make something new and beautiful, alongside a lengthy list of notables including the teasmade, the sofabed and Brangelina.
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The WOOP Strategy: Mental Contrasting and Implementation Intentions
Before I explain my WOOP-Tap, I will give some brief background on its components. First the WOOP. Gabriele Oettingen, a Professor of Psychology at New York University and the University of Hamburg, sought to test the widely-held notion that positive thinking leads to success. Unfortunately, and contrary to what you may read in countless self-help books, the research was unequivocal; if you only focus on the positive you are less likely to achieve your intended outcome – losing weight, becoming rich, meeting the man/woman of your dreams, etc., etc., etc. Read the book for the full details of why this is but, in a nutshell, your brain cannot distinguish imagination from reality so positive visualisations trick your brain into thinking that the outcome has already been achieved. So why do the work when you are in a blissed-out state? 

These findings were a blow to Oettingen because she had hoped that her research would confirm the power of positive thinking. But here’s the good news. Oettingen developed a technique she called ‘mental contrasting’; visualising your objective and then immediately confronting these dreams with the realities standing in their way in order to “circumvent the calming effects of dreaming and mobilize dreams as a tool for prompting directed action.” Unlike pure positive thinking, mental contrasting did help people to reach their goals but with one important caveat. These goals had to be believable to those holding them. If not, the motivation levels of the mental contrasters fell below those of the dreamers. This is actually a good thing as it helps us to pursue realistic goals instead of forever chasing that crock of gold at the end of the rainbow.

The final piece in the WOOP jigsaw was provided by Peter M. Gollwitzer — a fellow Professor of Psychology at New York and Oettingen’s husband. His research findings indicated that if you added an “if-then” plan to the mental contrasting you further improved people’s power to attain their goals. The ‘if’ is the stimulus for action and the ‘then’ is the action: If my boss challenges me, then I will take a deep breath before responding; if I am tempted to look at Facebook when I should be working, then I will turn off the Internet; and my personal favourite, if I don’t feel like doing [insert task here], then I will just get started because I don’t need to have it all figured out in advance - ‘Just get Started’ mantra courtesy of Timothy Pychyl. 

These implementation intentions when combined with mental contrasting became the WOOP Strategy: Wish, Objective, Obstacle and Plan. 

• Wish: What you want to achieve. The size of the goal and the time period is not important; it can apply to a life time goal, the next task you wish to focus on or anything in between.
• Outcome: How this achievement will benefit you.
• Obstacle: The internal obstacle or obstacles that are standing in your way.
• Plan: What simple action you can take to implement your wish.

I use the WOOP Strategy most days as a way of overcoming inertia when switching from one task to another, which includes the task of switching from not working to the task of working. 

My typical WOOP goes like this:

• Wish: Start to write an introduction to the report on x,y,z.
• Outcome: Build-up of momentum and the generation of a feeling of satisfaction.
• Obstacle: Inertia and lack of momentum.
• Plan: Set my timer for 20 minutes and just get started.

The ‘if’ in my plan is usually implicit. So, the full, ‘if then’ version would be ‘if I have feelings of inertia and lack of momentum, then I will just get started’. 

So where does the tapping come in?

Well, I tap as I WOOP so for those of you who do not know, I will explain the basics of Tapping or Emotional Freedom Techniques. 

Tapping or Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT)
Thanks to my wife Julie, who is a Certified EFT Practitioner, I learned the basics of Tapping and, before I discovered the WOOP, I had been using EFT for some time when I felt emotional blockages, large or small. Tapping your fingers on acupuncture points on the face and body calms the amygdala (the part of your brain that triggers your fight or flight response) and helps energy to flow freely throughout the body. Tapping has been shown to provide effective relief for a myriad of issues such as anxiety, depression, obesity, high blood pressure and chronic pain. 
The classic EFT process involves tapping nine acupuncture points in turn and saying (aloud or to yourself) “even though I have this problem” [insert problem here], “I love and accept myself.” Following this ‘set up statement’, you come to name the problem, explore its root cause and find your own solutions while you are in a resourceful state, rather than sitting or lying passively. Tapping can be done on your own but it is better to work with a qualified therapist if you are a beginner or have complex issues to deal with. Tapping is easier to conceive of when watched rather than read about so I recommend that you consult the YouTube video  linked to below for a clearer idea of what it is all about and how to do it. 

WOOP-Tapping
Given that I knew a bit about tapping before I discovered WOOP, it seemed natural to combine the two. It is just a matter of tapping on the acupuncture points while articulating your wish, outcome, obstacle and plan. I generally do one tapping cycle of the nine acupuncture points for each letter of the WOOP but there are no hard and fast rules. My day to day WOOP-take about a minute but it will no doubt take a bit longer when you are starting out. Most of you would probably agree that tapping does looks pretty weird and it is probably not the sort of thing that you would be seen dead doing in the office. I’m lucky in that I work on my own in my garret so I do not have the ridicule of my colleagues to contend with. But for those of you who share a work environment, there are ways to WOOP-Tap in ‘stealth mode’. You can do it from the comfort of your chair, reciting your WOOP internally and tapping your thumb against each finger of one hand in turn (you have acupuncture points in your fingers). Not too obtrusive and, I think, equally effective.  If even this is too embarrassing, you can WOOP-tap during a toilet break or do a session before you go to work. WOOP-Tapping is likely to work for a variety of conditions but I’ve mainly practiced it to banish procrastination so I am not qualified to comment on its wider applicability.

So, if you suffer from procrastipain try WOOP-Tapping. What have you got to lose? 
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Just get started, feel the satisfaction as the pleasure monkey surrenders control of your brain, and do it; again, and again and again…

References 
David Allen (2002). Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-Free Productivity. Penguin Group.

Stephen Guise (2015). How to Be an Imperfectionist: The New Way to Self-Acceptance, Fearless Living, and Freedom from Perfectionism. Selective Entertainment LLC.

Gabriele Oettingen (2014). Rethinking Positive Thinking: Inside the New Science of Motivation. Current. 

Timothy A. Pychyl (2013). Solving the Procrastination Puzzle: A Concise Guide to Strategies for Change. Tarcher.

Piers Steel (2012). The Procrastination Equation: How to Stop Putting Things Off and Start Getting Stuff Done. Harper Perennial.

In the first of an eight part series of YouTube presentations on the 'humble project management toolkit' - a set of tools, approaches and philosophies which help us to effectively manage projects in the face of uncertainty, I introduce the toolkit, which contains many approaches to project planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation which can improve a project's efficiency and effectiveness. The toolkit's six 'compartments' are:
1. Hesitate to encourage reflection;
2. Understand the project's ecosystem;
3. Manage in alignment with the project's ecosystem;
4. Bring in diverse perspectives;
5. Learn constantly; and
6. Embrace uncertainty

In the second of an eight part series on the humble project management toolkit for better results in an uncertain world, I introduce the ‘Planning Fallacy’ – Why projects go over budget, over time, and fail to deliver according to specification… over and over again.

In the third of an eight part series on the humble project management toolkit for better results in an uncertain world, I describe our cognitive biases or “thinking errors” - one of two major causes of the ‘Planning Fallacy’ (why projects go over budget, over time, and fail to deliver according to specification… over and over again), and the project management implications of the fact that we often think more like Homer Simpson of the Simpsons than Mr Spock of Star Trek (the old version).

In the fourth of an eight part series on the humble project management toolkit for better results in an uncertain world, I describe the second of two major causes of the ‘Planning Fallacy’ (why projects go over budget, over time, and fail to deliver according to specification… over and over again): - Complexity. Complexity concepts are explained using Ricardo Wilson-Grau’s ‘Fish Soup Development Story’ – why one plus one does not always equal two, and the implications of this for project management.

In the fifth of an eight part series on the humble project management toolkit for better results in an uncertain world, I describe the first of the toolkit’s ‘compartments’ – “Hesitate to Encourage Reflection” in which I outline the importance of developing systematic reflective practices to facilitate resourceful responses in place of knee-jerk reactions.

In the sixth of an eight part series on the humble project management toolkit for better results in an uncertain world, I describe the second and third of the toolkit’s ‘compartments’ – “Understand the Project’s Ecosystem” and “Manage in Alignment with the Project’s Ecosystem” in which I outline the importance of developing adaptive management systems that take account of: the landscape in which the project is embedded; the project’s objectives and the processes implemented to contribute to these objectives; and organizational practices.

In the seventh of an eight part series on the humble project management toolkit for better results in an uncertain world, I describe the fourth of the toolkit’s ‘compartments’ – “Bring in Diverse Perspectives” in which I introduce ways of integrating the viewpoints of a range of stakeholders into project processes.

In the eighth and final part of the series on the humble project management toolkit for better results in an uncertain world, I describe the fifth and sixth of the toolkit’s ‘compartments’ – “learn constantly” and “embrace uncertainty.” In the section on learning I outline four learning modes and emphasise the value of learning by doing and learning by teaching. In the section on embracing uncertainty I give examples of the positive consequences of developing a mindset that sees silver linings in the clouds of failure, and I outline some key components of a “navigation system” that helps us overcome the fear associated with uncertainty.